The Writings Of Business Field And Communication Field

Writing is a form of communication that writers use words to express their feelings and what they want to say to others. However, readers may misunderstand or some may not completely get the information while reading the writings. In order to avoid it, readers should understand the format or the style of the writer that we are reading because it helps us understand and find the information that we want easier. By comparing the writings of business field and communication field, we will recognize the formats of two different studies and how the information is distributed. By analyzing purpose statements, questions, important information, conclusions, key ideas, assumptions, implications and main point of views, we can understand about these formats of two fields and also help us improve our writing and reading skills. A purpose statement is important in an article because it provides the main topic that an author is going to focus and what he is going to discuss. In business paper, the purpose usually is located in the abstract which summaries general ideas and address information that an author is going to argue in the article. Often, purpose statement in business research paper can be found easily with the keyword â€Å"purpose† or the phase â€Å"the purpose of this paper.† In the article â€Å"An exploration of entrepreneurship and play† by Sandra Kauanui, it is located in the first sentence of the article that â€Å"the purpose of this paper is to examine the differences betweenShow MoreRelatedInterview Summary : Style Of Business Writing898 Words   |  4 Pages Interview Summary - The Style of Business Writing Melissa E. de Castro California State University  Interview Summary - The Style of Business Writing As a pre-Business Administration or pre-business student, I interviewed a professor from my department. I conducted a classroom observation of a required Business class. 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Imagine knowing the top designers on a first name basis, seeing their newest creations up close and personal before anyone has evenRead MoreHow The Writing Composed Within Academic Settings Can Best Be Described?1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe writing composed in academic settings can best be described as demonstrate what we have learned. Writing to review topics about learning new ideas, to present a case and illustrate to our professors what we have learned, we can think critically and apply it. The writing submitted to professors gives them an impression of the way our practical mind works when confronted with a significant topic in a distinct field of study. Instructors want to see us learn to think like someone trained within

The Civil Rights Movement Essay - 1190 Words

The Civil Rights Movement The 13th amendment, passed on the first of January, 1865 abolished slavery throughout America. Although African Americans were considered free after this amendment was approved, they still had a long and arduous struggle to absolute freedom. Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was frequently used throughout many of the Southern and Border States. Schools, bathrooms, libraries, and even water fountains were segregated. Though there were some laws that prevented segregation and discrimination at this time, they were not strongly enforced. Civil rights activists, revolting of being denied their rights as Americans, attempted to put an end to segregation and discrimination in America†¦show more content†¦If the front half of the bus, reserved for whites, became completely occupied African Americans were required to give their seats to the white riders (Montgomery Bus Boycott). A white person would refuse to sit in the same row as an African Amer ican. African Americans were treated in a discourteous and cruel manner by white bus drivers. For example, it was not uncommon for bus drivers to drive off before African Americans had the opportunity to get on the bus. And yet when African Americans did board the bus, they were required to pay their fair at the front of the bus and then exit the bus and re-enter through the back door. These same white bus drivers were also known to physically beat African American passengers. Some of these violent confrontations stemmed to arrests of blacks (Rosenberg). Black organizations such as the Women’s Political Council, or WPC, were formed with a goal of the abolition of segregation on city buses. The Montgomery Bus Boycott started in 1955 with a forty-two-year-old seamstress named Rosa Parks, one of many civil rights activists and a former secretary of the local NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Rosenberg). On December 1, 1955 after an endless day of working at the Montgomery Fair department store, Rosa Parks boarded her bus sitting in the row behind the section reserved for whites. When a group of whites board the bus at the following stop,Show MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Civil Rights Movement1179 Words   |  5 Pagessegregations. Out of the numerous elements that arose in the 1960s, there are three movements that truly affected the American society. Firstly, the rise of the civil rights movement was greatly influenced by racial discrimination of colored people in the South. Secondly, the women’s movement aimed to convince the society that women are capable of achieving and maintaining higher waged job like males. Lastly, the gay rights movement aimed to gain acceptance and stop discrimination of homosexuality. The mostRead MoreThe Folk Music Of The Civil Rights Movement1208 Words   |  5 PagesResponse Paper #4 The folk music of the Civil Rights Movement â€Å"came out of tradition, common experience, and generations of resistance† (Dunaway 2010: 140). The songs used throughout the movement derived from the shared experiences and struggles of African Americans while connecting â€Å"the gentle, idealistic world of folk music and the integrationist world of civil rights† (Dunaway 2010: 145). Songs, such as â€Å"We Shall Overcome†, were put through the folk process, where a song is passed on and alterationsRead MoreThe Great Leaders Of The Civil Rights Movement1563 Words   |  7 Pages They seem to be forgotten until they are highlighted once again. Another example of a person that was not really highlighted for their actions is Nina Simone. She made an impact on the Civil Right Movement that not many other artist or celebrity would have done. When you think of the Civil Rights Movement the first three that come to mind of course are, Martin Luther King Jr., Malco m X, and Rosa Parks. So, when someone hears the name Nina Simone the two most common responses might be â€Å"Who’sRead MoreSocial Movements : Black Civil Rights2647 Words   |  11 PagesSocial movements are vital to the establishment of our societies, and they way we are governed. Social movements help the less privileged band together to create a stronger voice among a sea of political correctness and unlawfully rule that the public supposedly have to abide by without question. Movements create this new form of platform that, if done successfully, are able to create a worldwide frenzy where people from across all walks of life, including politicians, academics, the less fortunateRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. changed history not only for African American’s, but for all who live in the United States. Martin was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. As a child Martin attended many public segregated schools throughout Georgia until he graduated at the age of fifteen. Following high school, Martin Luther King Jr. attended many colleges such as, Morehouse College, Crozer Theological Seminary, and Boston University. While studyingRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† This was a speech by Martin Luther King Jr. Even one hundred years after slavery was banned, African Americans were still being treated unfairly. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most famous leaders of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960’s. The Civil Rights movement was a movement of AfricanRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pages The civil right movement refers to the reform movement in the United States beginning in the 1954 to 1968 led primarily by Blacks for outlawing racial discrimination against African-Americans to prove the civil rights of personal Black citizen. For ten decades after the Emancipation Proclamation, African-Americans in Southern states still live a rigid unequal world of deprive right of citizenship, segregation and various forms of oppression, including race-inspired violence. â€Å"JimRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1014 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican-American Civil Rights Movement. Specifically, the focus will be on the main activists involved in the movement such as Martin Luther King Jr and Rosa Parks and the major campaigns of civil resistance. The Civil Rights Movement refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights in Southern states.African-Americans were able to gain the rights to issues such as equal access to public transportation, right to voteRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered to be unworthy to be associated with whites, they struggled to fight laws of segregation for years and years to finally be thought of as equals. They fought to earn their civil rights which is where the movement got its name from. There are many names that stand out when you think of the Civil Rights Movement, for example, Martin Luther King Jr. who lead a march to Washington and gave the famous â€Å"I have a Dream† speech, and there is also Rosa Parks who refused to sit in the back of the busRead MoreThe Struggle Of The Civil Rights Movement1339 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement is one of the most influential events from all of America’s history. This fight started long before the ‘60s and has continued long after. All minority groups will face the struggle for rights at some time. This movement just happened to be for the African Americans in the 1960s. During this era, there were several leaders and events that experienced success in their endeavors to get rid of segregation and create equal opportunities for all. One of the most famous leaders

Design Of Baffle In Upflow Anaeorobic Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(101) " in the sludge interrupt down organic affair by anaerobiotic digestion, transforming it into biogas\." The Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket procedure was developed by Lettinga in the Netherland during the early 1980s, as a comparatively simple effluent intervention system, in which no moving parts are present ( Lettinga et al, 1980 ) . It was foremost proposed for the intervention of high strength industrial waste, but shortly research for its application besides within domestic sewerage intervention was initiated. The UASB reactor is now going a popular intervention method for industrial H2O, because of its effectivity in handling high strength effluent. We will write a custom essay sample on Design Of Baffle In Upflow Anaeorobic Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the Seghezzo et Al. ( 1998 ) , the characteristics which make UASB reactor to be popular: High efficiency. Availability of farinaceous or woolly sludge, leting it to accomplish high chemical O demand ( COD ) remotion efficiencies without the demand of support stuff. Furthermore, the natural turbulency caused by caused by lifting gas bubbles which buoy the sludge, provides efficient effluent and biomass contact. Simplicity. The building and operation of the reactor is comparatively simple. Flexibility. Anaerobic intervention can easy be applied on either a really big or a really little graduated table. Besides, due to the granulation/blanketing in a UASB reactor, the solids and hydraulic keeping clip can be manipulated independently and efficaciously, therefore allowing the design to be based upon the degradative capacity of the biomass, ensuing in the decrease of intervention times from yearss to hours. ( Hickey et al. 1991 ) Low energy ingestion. Equally far as no warming of the influent is needed to make the on the job temperature and all works operations can be done by gravitation, the energy ingestion of the reactor is about negligible. Furthermore, energy is produced during the procedure in the signifier of methane. Low sludge production. The sludge production is low, when compared to anaerobic methods, due to the slow growing rate of anaerobiotic bacteriums. The sludge is good stabilized for the concluding disposal and has good dewatering features. It can be preserved for long periods of clip without a important decrease of activities, leting its usage a inoculant for the start-up of new reactors. Low foods and chemical demand. Particularly in the instance of sewerage, an equal and stable pH can be maintained without the add-on of chemicals. The UASB has been successfully used in the recent yesteryear to handle a assortment of industrial every bit good as domestic effluent. The applications for this engineering are spread outing to include intervention of chemical and petrochemical industry wastewater, fabric industry effluent, landfill leachates, every bit good as applications directed at transitions in the sulfur rhythm and remotions of metals. Furthermore, in warm climes the UASB construct is besides suited for intervention of domestic effluent. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT The design and optimisation of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ( UASB ) reactor units required cognition of bio dynamicss, commixture, chemical reaction and else. However, the hydrokineticss within a UASB reactor is a critical importance to the public presentation of the system. Current effluent intervention design methods make premises of the commixture conditions and it is hence hard to foretell how vessel design for illustration, place of recesss, baffles or dimensions which could impact hydrokineticss, therefore overall public presentation. Besides, the applications of the experimental techniques to look into flow Fieldss and mass concentration Fieldss are highly dearly-won and besides extremely limited in application. Thus, an appropriate factor which is design of baffles had been chosen ; and investigated the influences of hydrokineticss and public presentations of UASB reactor in this survey. Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ) provides a mathematical method for anticipation of the consequence that effluent intervention procedure design features on the hydrokineticss from a cardinal degree. Progresss in CFD have provided an efficient, economical and clip salvaging tool to look into the hydrokineticss and reaction transition happening in a UASB reactor. Aim The thesis has two chief aims ; foremost is to carry on the public presentation survey of the designed Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ( UASB ) reactor which can be applied to full graduated table systems. The Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ) theoretical account presented here has the ability to pattern multiple stages ( in this instance the sludge mixture with H2O and air ) . Besides, the CFD theoretical account was developed and applied for the building of existent scale theoretical account. The 2nd aim is to analyze the effects of baffles to the hydrokineticss for illustration the fluid commixture form, flow field, matching and of the 3 stages ( liquid, solid and air ) of waste H2O intervention procedure. In this survey, the experiment would carry on with befuddled UASB reactor and the other is un-baffled UASB reactor to further analyze the influences to the hydrokineticss and overall public presentations. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 TREATMENT PRINCIPLE OF UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET ( UASB ) Reactor The Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ( UASB ) procedure consists of an upflow of effluent through a dense sludge bed with high microbic activity. In the reactor, the solids profile varies from really heavy and farinaceous atoms with good settee ability near to the underside ( sludge bed ) , to more spread and light sludge atoms near to the top ( sludge cover ) . The UASB reactor can be divided into four constituents: sludge bed, sludge cover, gas-solid-liquid centrifuge and secondary compartment above the centrifuge. The sludge bed is situated at the underside of the reactor and consists of a dense sludge with exceeding subsiding features ; it is hence kept in the reactor. Above the sludge bed is the sludge cover, with solid showing lower concentration and settling speeds. The sludge cover consists of sludge atoms in a mixture with the biogas formed, and is therefore held in suspension. It is in these two compartments, the sludge bed and the sludge cover, that the entrance effluent is biologically degraded ( Chernicharo, 2007 ) . Biogas Sludge atom Gas bubbles Baffle Sludge Blanket Sludge bed Digestion Compartment Settling Compartment 3-phase centrifuge Figure 1 UASB reactor The effluent flows upward in a perpendicular reactor through a cover of granulated sludge and bacteriums in the sludge interrupt down organic affair by anaerobiotic digestion, transforming it into biogas. You read "Design Of Baffle In Upflow Anaeorobic Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" The biogas-production and the influent flow cause natural turbulency in the reactor, which provides a good wastewater-biomass contact in the UASB reactor system ( Heertjes al. , 1978 ) . The upflow government and the gesture of the gas bubbles allow blending without mechanic aid. To avoid sludge washout, the 3 stage centrifuge is installed in the upper portion of the reactor. The gas formed is separated from the liquid, which allow sludge keeping and return. Above the centrifuge, a gas free zone is formed which is settling compartment, for deposit of solid atoms, and most of the atoms that have entered this zone will settle back to the reactor, whereas the smallest atoms will be washed ou t with the wastewater ( Angelidaki et al, 2007 ) . Baffles at the top of the reactor allow gases to get away and forestall the escape of the sludge cover. The 3-phase centrifuge, or the gas-liquid-solid ( GLS ) centrifuge, enables a high keeping capacity of big sums of high-activity biomass in the reactor. Through this characteristic, a solids abode clip ( SRT ) much higher than the hydraulic keeping clip can be achieved. Consequently, the care of high SRT is the major point of involvement in practical application of UASB procedure. This ability to develop and keep high-activity sludge within the reactor is the most of import facet of the UASB construct ( Chernicharo, 2007 ) . 2.2 ANAEROBIC PROCESS IN THE UASB REACTOR In UASB reactor, anaerobiotic micro-organisms in the sludge cover digest the organic pollutants in the entrance effluent. Anaerobic digestion produces biogas ( a mixture of methane CH4, C dioxide CO2 and hints gases ) . After some hebdomads of ripening, farinaceous sludge signifiers and this is the chief outstanding feature of UASB reactor named phenomenon of granulation. The formation of granules is really of import because bacteriums in granules are more efficient for biogas production than the flocculated biomass ( Wendland2008 ) . The anaerobiotic farinaceous sludge consists of microbic communities, with 1000000s of micro-organisms per gm biomass. Normally the granules are grouped dumbly together and hold first-class settling ability. The size wise each granule ranges from 0.1to 5mm. The microstructure of each granule will be dictated by the substrate features of the influent, for simple substrates merely methanogens are needed for complete debasement. For complex substrates, by and large the different bacterial populations will group together selectively in beds on top of each other ( Tiwari et al, 2006 ) . The farinaceous sludge enables the keeping of a really high figure of micro-organisms in the reactor, which means that a rapid debasement of organic affair can be obtained. In bend, a big volume of waste can be treated within a volume that takes up merely little sum of infinites. Besides, anaerobic sludge has or acquires good deposit belongingss, and is automatically assorted by the upflow forces of the entrance effluent and gas bubbles being generated in the reactor. For that ground, mechanical commixture can be omitted from an UASB reactor and therefore cut downing capital and care costs. This commixture besides encourages the formation of sludge granules. 2.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF UASB REACTOR The UASB reactor can be designed as handbill or rectangular. It is necessary to choose proper scope of operating parametric quantities for design, such as organic lading rate ( OLR ) , SLR, superficial liquid upflow speed and hydraulic keeping clip ( HRT ) . By and large, there are two ways to plan UASB reactor which are based on HRT or OLR. In the instance of low strength effluent, such as sewerage, it is the HRT instead than the OLR that determines the design method of UASB reactor. In position of the instead low organic tonss that can be applied in the intervention of dilute effluent, and the lower blending ensuing from the gas production, it is evident that more recess points are needed, in comparing with the same reactor under high organic burden rates condition ( Lettinga et al, 1983 ) . 2.3.1 Low strength effluent – Hydraulic Retention Time For low strength effluent with COD input less than 5000mg/l, the design method should be calculated based on the HRT which can be controlled by volumetric hydraulic burden. It is note that HRT means the step of the mean length of clip that a soluble compound remains in the reactor. Anaerobic digestion depends on the biological activity of comparatively slowly reproducing methanogenic bacteriums. These bacteriums must be given sufficient clip to reproduce, so that they can replace cells loss with the wastewater sludge, and adjust their population size to follow fluctuations in organic burden. If the rate of bacteriums loss from the digester with the wastewater slurry exceeds the growing rate of the bacteriums, the bacterial population in the digester will be â€Å" washed out † of the system. This washout is avoided by keeping a sufficient HRT for guaranting that the bacterial cells remain in optimum concentration within the digester. The longer a substrate is kept under proper reaction conditions the more complete its debasement will go. However, the reaction rate will diminish with increasing HRT. Thus, the sum of effluent applied day-to-day to the reactor, per unit volume, is termed the volumetric hydraulic burden: ( 2.1 ) where: VHL = volumetric hydraulic burden ( d-1 ) Q = flow rate ( m3/d ) V = entire volume of reactor ( M3 ) The hydraulic keeping clip ( HRT ) , given in yearss, is expressed as ( 2.2 ) which gives that, ( 2.3 ) For tropical climes and semitropical climes experimental consequences showed that a HRT of six hours was sufficient to accomplish satisfactory consequences in a one compartment UASB. In table 1 nowadayss some guidelines for the constitution of HRTs in design of UASB reactors handling domestic effluent. Table 1: Applicable Hydraulic detainment clip for natural domestic effluent in a 4m tall UASB reactor at assorted temperature ranges. ( adopted from Lettinga et Al, 1991 ) Sewage temperature ( A °C ) HRT ( H ) Daily Average Minimum ( during 4 to 6 H ) 16-19 gt ; 10 – 14 gt ; 7 – 9 20-26 gt ; 6 – 9 gt ; 4 – 6 gt ; 26 gt ; 6 gt ; 4 2.3.2 High strength effluent – Organic burden rate In the COD input between 5000 – 15000mg/l or more, the design method should be calculated based on OLR. Bacteria have a maximal production rate depending on the type of reactor and substrate. The OLR is one of parametric quantities used to depict this production rate. Bacteria and micro-organisms have their specific growing rate that will accomplish a maximal production rate when they degrade substrate. Therefore, different OLR give different impacts to the reaction rate and efficiency every bit good. By definition, the volumetric OLR is the sum of organic affair applied daily to the reactor, per volume unit: ( 2.4 ) where: OLR = organic burden rate ( kgCOD/m3d ) S = influent substrate concentration ( kgCOD/m3 ) COD intervention efficiency can be calculated by: ( 2.5 ) For COD concentration in the scope of 2 to 5g/L. the public presentation of the reactor depends on the hydraulic burden rate and is independent of inflowing substrate concentration. For COD concentration greater than 5g/L it is recommended to thin the effluent to about 2g COD/L during primary start up of the reactor. Once the primary start – up of the reactor is over with the granulation of sludge, lading rates can be increased in stairss to convey the existent COD concentration of the effluent. The lading above 1-2kg COD/m3d is indispensable for proper operation of the reactor. 2.3.3 Upflow speed, reactor tallness and volume Higher upflow speed, favours better selective procedure for the sludge and better commixture in the reactor. However, excessively high upflow speed may do the incolumn acquire washed out during start up. Besides, during normal operation granules may acquire disintegrated and the ensuing fragments can easy be washed out from the reactor. Therefore, design the optimal liquid upflow speeds ensuing favourable for granule growing and good fluid blending with the activated sludge. The upflow speed, V, is calculated from the relation between the inflowing flow rate and the cross subdivision of the reactor: ( 2.6 ) where: V = upflow speed ( thousand / H ) A = cross sectional country of the reactor ( M2 ) Alternatively, the upflow speed can besides be calculated from the ratio of the tallness and the hydraulic keeping clip: ( 2.7 ) where: H = tallness of the reactor ( m ) The pick of appropriate tallness of the reactor depends on the needed public presentation and economic considerations. Another of import facet is the place of the underside of the reactor, comparative to anchor degree. Construction costs can be reduced if the reactor underside can be placed at such degree that no pumping system of influent is required. The reactor tallness besides has importance for the efficiency of the organic affair remotion, as the upflow speed must non transcend the bound where the sludge washed out. The upflow speed, and reactor tallness are closely related in Equation 2.7. Based on the higher suited value of OLR, for given COD concentration, the volume of the reactor required is to be worked out as: ( 2.8 ) The volume of sludge should be less than 50 % of the reactor volume, worked out based on OLR, to avoid overloading of the reactor with regard to SLR. If the volume is non run intoing the demands, the OLR can be reduced to increase the volume. 2.3.4 Influent Distribution System It is of critical importance that the influent substrate is equally distributed in the lower portion of the reactor. Otherwise a close contact between biomass and substrate can non be obtained. The gas production will ever lend well to the commixture of the sludge bed, and hence the commixture within the digestion compartment will typically be hindered when handling effluent. Poor blending can take to the creative activity of discriminatory tracts through the sludge bed. For illustration, hydraulic short circuits, which in the long term will give a shorter sludge bed height and the formation of dead zones in the sludge bed ( Lettinga et al, 1991 ) . To avoid this job, the influent should be introduced at several points from the reactor underside. A particular influent distribution system can vouch equal distribution over the full reactor surface country. Therefore, the influent so passes a dense and expanded anaerobiotic farinaceous biomass bed and the biological intervention expedit iously. The figure of distribution pipes needed depend on the country of the cross subdivision of the reactor. Chernicharo ( 2007 ) suggests that Equation 2.9 be used to find the figure distribution pipes: ( 2.9 ) where: Nx = figure of distribution tubings A = country of cross subdivision of the reactor ( M2 ) Ax = influence country of each distributer ( M2 ) 2.4 Fluid Mixing In UASB Reactor The flow form in the UASB reactor is one of the most of import factors to be considered for design to ease an efficient intervention. The efficiency of all bioprocesses is closely connected with commixture and conveyance phenomena, as an even blending form will supply good conditions for substrate conveyance to and from the microbic sums. Therefore, the transition of organic affair in the UASB reactor is governed by non merely the public presentation of the microbiological procedures, but besides the hydrokineticss of the reactor. However, the behaviour of the UASB procedure is non to the full understood. The commixture inside a UASB reactor is related to several parametric quantities, such as the type of influent-feeding device, upflow speed and biogas production rate, and different surveies have used different theoretical accounts to depict its hydrokineticss. Heertjes et Al ( 1978 ) assumed the flow to be wholly assorted within the sludge bed and sludge cover, although the sludge bed could besides hold dead infinites and returning flows. The more accurate theoretical accounts of the UASB fluid mechanicss where late highlighted by both Zeng et Al ( 2005 ) and Lou et Al ( 2006 ) , saying that the bing mathematical theoretical accounts of anaerobiotic digestion in UASB reactors mostly assume ideal commixture, therefore pretermiting concentration gradients. To make a more right theoretical account of the reactor fluid mechanicss, Zeng et Al ( 2005 ) alternatively used a two-compartment theoretical account, with the sludge bed and liquid zones described by a two-zone axially spread system. The survey showed that in a UASB reactor there is a strong dependance of the scattering coefficient on both reactor tallness and upflow speed. 2.4.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ) With visual aspect of general intent codifications, such as FLUENT, CFX and others, Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ) has become progressively popular in environmental engineering. CFD codifications besides can be used to visualise elaborate flow phenomena, a important benefit for the measuring of parametric quantities such as force per unit area, speed, phases volume fraction and else. The work mentioned above chiefly concentrated on using CFD codifications to obtain UASB reactor hydrokineticss informations, therefore doing good suggestions for UASB reactor design and optimisation. The theoretical accounts used were simplified two stages or individual stage systems. Related UASB reactor simulation based on gas-liquid-solid three stage theoretical accounts and flow procedure related reaction dynamicss theoretical accounts widely studied. For the first clip, the focal point lies on set uping hydrodynamics-reaction dynamicss coupled theoretical account of a gas-liquid-solid three st age waste H2O intervention system utilizing CFD simulation followed by experimental confirmation in this paper. Although UASB reactor has been used in environmental engineering applications for many old ages, lithe research has been published on UASB reactor mold. The chief aims of this survey are to develop an easy to utilize of CFD theoretical account of the important procedure parametric quantities, based on cardinal scientific discipline and to formalize the theoretical account by usage of experiment consequences. Due to non much researching on baffled UASB reactor, our conjugate theoretical account was applied and validated on a waste H2O intervention procedure and look into the overall public presentation. Once developed and assessed with the all-out test consequences, the theoretical account can be employed to analyse the consequence of waste H2O quality features on the public presentation of the procedure. It is expected that this survey will turn out utile in using UASB engineering. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ) simulation The commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics ( CFD ) codification ANYSYS FLUENT was used to imitate the two and three dimensional flow field before building of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ( UAB ) reactor. A conceptual theoretical account was developed by the package and this proposed CFD theoretical account is composed of the nucleus hydrokineticss theoretical account for the liquid and gaseous stages, and coupled with the sludge. CFD simulation helps to depict flow of the liquid and gas constituents of the multiphase flow. The uninterrupted stage is the effluent and sludge and the spread stage is air or biogas. The premises made for the spread stage are: The bubbles are spherical The bubbles have changeless diameter No hits, coalescency or break-up of bubbles The gas stage physical belongingss for illustration denseness and viscousness were air belongingss. For the liquid stage, the denseness was considered to be that of H2O, while in footings of viscousness. 3.1.1 Eulerian-Eulerian theoretical account This theoretical account is help to work out a set of impulse and continuity equations for each stage. Applications of Eulerian multiphase theoretical account include bubble column, risers, atom suspensions and fluidized beds ( Saurel and Abgrall 1999 ; Mathisesen et al.2000 ) . In this survey, two dimensional Eulerian-Eulerian three stage fluid theoretical account has been employed to depict the flow behaviour of each stage, so the biogas, effluent and sludge granules are wholly treated as different continua, with effluent as a primary stage, and the gas and sludge granules as the secondary stages. This theoretical account was chosen because of the high proportion of gas bubbles and granules particulates ( Bin et al. 2003 ) . 3.1.2 Species Transport and Reaction theoretical account CFD codifications can pattern the commixture and conveyance of chemical species by work outing preservation equations depicting convection, diffusion and reaction beginnings for each constituent species ( Sivertsen and Djilali, 2005 ) . Multiple coincident chemical reactions can be modeled, with reactions happening in the majority stage ( volumetric reaction ) , on inside wall of the reactor or atom surfaces. 3.1.3 Numeric solution The complete geometry of the UASB reactor have analyzed by a computational planar mesh. For efficiency usage of computational clip, simulation of the UASB reactor exploits the symmetric geometry of the reactor in a planar surface. The meshes were created in the ANYSYS Fluent as a preprocessor plan and exported into the ANYSYS Fluent CFD flow patterning package bundle to work out the continuity and impulse equations. In Eulerian-Eulerian theoretical account, each stage was assumed incompressible. The effluent was regarded as assorted liquid, ab initio incorporating pure H2O and some chemical wastes and the denseness was determined by utilizing a volume weighted mixing jurisprudence. The sludge granules took up approximately 35 % of the volume in the bed part and were considered to be 1mm diameter spherical solid granules. The biogas was assumed to hold a denseness by the incompressible-ideal-gas jurisprudence ( FLUENT 6.0 Users ‘ usher, 2001 ) . The gas stage volume fraction was related to gas production in reaction and the gas bubbles were assumed to hold a diameter of 0.1 millimeter. The simulation consequences vary small with grid denseness so truncation mistakes in the numerical simulation can be neglected. An analysis independent of the grid was performed to extinguish mistakes in simulation truth, numerical stableness, convergence and computational stairss related to grid saltiness ( Ait-Ali-Yahia et al.2002 ; Lu et al,2009 ) . 3.2 Experimental Design The research is conduct with two different types of UASB reactor theoretical account which are baffled and un-baffled to further analyze the influences of fluid blending form in the reactor. Figure 1 shows the conventional diagram with dimensions of 1m ten 0.2m. Degree centigrades: UsersKok FaiDesktopUASB.png Figure 2: Conventional Diagram of the UASB reactor theoretical account. All units are in metre. Table 2: Chief characteristic of the UASB reactor theoretical account Parameter Value Design liquid flow rate ( l/h ) Hydraulic keeping clip ( H ) Entire Height ( m ) Water deepness ( m ) Sludge deepness ( m ) Internal diameter ( m ) Internal cross sectional country ( M2 ) Organic burden ( kg COD/m3/d ) Table 3: composing of waste H2O Incoming waste H2O Value Entire BOD ( mg/l ) Entire COD ( mg/l ) Chloride ( mg/l ) Sulfate ( mg/l ) – – – One of the UASB reactors is baffled and the other one is un-baffled. Both of these reactors operated with the same hydraulic keeping clip, organic burden and composing of waste H2O which are the changeless variables in this experiment. The differences of the chemical waste substances removal efficiency between both reactors would be the consequence of this survey. 3.2 Sampling and Analysis Composite sample of the reactors influent and wastewater were collected on a day-to-day footing and analyzed for COD, BOD, sulphate and others chemical waste substances. Sludge sampling was carried out through side ports in the sludge zone of the reactor. The flow rate was control by the valve and continuously regulated by a pump. 3.2.1 BOD trial Biochemical O demand ( BOD ) is the sum of dissolved O by aerophilic biological beings in a organic structure of H2O to breakdown organic stuff nowadays in a given H2O sample at certain temperature. BOD besides can be used as gage of the effectivity of UASB reactor. The process of the BOD trial: The dilution H2O was prepared by 1ml each of phosphate buffer, Mg sulphate, Ca chloride, ferrous chloride solution into 1L distilled H2O. 1ml effluent sample was added into a 500ml beaker. Dilution H2O was added up to 300ml into same beaker. The pH value was adjusted to 6.5 to 7.5 by added acid or base. 300ml dilution H2O was prepared as control. All prepared samples and control put in 300ml-incubation bottle. The DO for each sample was measured by utilizing Dissolved Oxygen Meter. All the bottles put in BOD brooder for 5 yearss. The temperature was set at 20A °C. The BOD5 was calculated harmonizing to the expression below: Where: D1 = DO value in initial sample D2 = DO value in concluding sample P = denary volumetric fraction of sample used Or ; Dilution factor = Bottle volume ( 300ml ) / sample volume 3.2.2 COD trial The chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) trial measured the O equivalent consumed by organic affair in a sample during strong chemical oxidization. It can assist to foretell the O demands of the wastewater and is used for monitoring and control of discharges, and for accessing reactor public presentations. The trial method: The effluent sample was oxidized by digesting in a certain reaction tubing with sulfuric acid and K bichromate in the presences of a Ag sulfate accelerator for 2 hours at a temperature of 150A °C. The sum of bichromate reduced is relative to the COD. A reagent space was prepared for each batch of tubings in order to counterbalance for the oxygen demand of the reagent itself. Over the scope of the trial a series of colourss from xanthous through green to blue are produced. The colour is declarative of the chemical O demand and its measured by utilizing photometer. How to cite Design Of Baffle In Upflow Anaeorobic Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Brand Protection and the Globalization of British Business.

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Brand Protection and the Globalization of British Business? Answer: Identifications of the key areas in order to develop a new venture The assignment will cover the development process of a successful business plan towards launching a new business in a retail sector. The concept of the retail sector management is very vast. It mainly deals in the marketing and development process of different kinds of products. It is the process of selling customer goods and services by the process multiple channels of distribution in order to earn a profit. Business exits in a dynamic environment (Chakrabarti, 2013). The meaning of the word self-motivated environment is an environment, which is chaining in a continuous basis. The job of an effective entrepreneur is to analyze all the areas of marketing in a continuous manner, which will conclude in the process of development of a proper marketing plan and process (da Silva Lopes Casson, 2012). Developing a proper target market is one of the key areas, which for launching a new commerce in retail sector with an objective to obtain to obtain marketing and operational support from po ssible backers. Demand is created through a vast target market. Launching a new product in the market includes a lot of research work that needs to be performed in the process of development of a proper marketing plan. The primary thing, which needs to be analyzed in a proper manner, is conclude about the demands of the customers. The technological advancement has brought a major breakthrough in the operational activities of the human. The product, which is selected in the study, is a Smart Watch (Gupta, Massisimo Koontz, 2013). The contribution of technology towards the development process of a proper communication system is remarkable (Gaudenzi Borghesi, 2012). The objective of this particular watch is to function beyond time keeping. It is a computerized wristwatch, which will perform multi-tasking activities such as calculations, transactions, communication, and game playing. On the other hand, the smart will perform different kinds of multimedia activities such as FM Radio, audio and video. After completing different kinds of investigation procedure, the retail sector has decided to develop a proper smart watch, which the users will be benefited in different ways (George Jones, 2012). In order to develop a new and modern product, the primary activity of the retail sector is to develop a proper advertisement and promotional activities. It will allow the organization to develop a proper communication between the buyers (Gupta, Massisimo Koontz, 2013). The buyers will stay updated about the latest product and services and on the other hand, seller can conclude about the latest customer demands and wants. Based on the collected information the retail sector management will be able to develop a proper product, which will fulfill the requirements of the customers (Hoffmann, 2012). This is one of the ideal products, which the retail sector management needs to develop in order to develop a proper customer retention policy. It will automatically increase the sales and profit of the organization and will develop a new platform for the new generations. The application of the smart watch will get popularize as per the technological advancement (Hood, 2013). Role of a successful entrepreneur Business exits in a dynamic environment. The job of a successful entrepreneur is to analyze all the situations of the commerce in a proper manner, which will conclude about the requirements of the organization as well as the market (Hopkin, 2012). There are certain entrepreneur goals and activities that every entrepreneur needs develop depending upon the character of the organizations (Gupta, Massisimo Koontz, 2013). In every association, the job of the entrepreneur is to convert all the behavior of the business organization in a proper manner, which will allow the association to achieve the universal organizational goals, and managerial actions. In order to develop proper business activities all the entrepreneur in the organizations needs to perform all the organizational activities in a continuous manner (Klijn, Schweckendiek, Klijn Schweckendiek, 2013). The organizational activities includes the process of planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling are the four important factors which every entrepreneur s in the organization needs to perform throughout the organizational activities. The role of every entrepreneur in the organizations is diversified. Based on the nature and the role of the organization every manger needs perform some of the key activities in the organizational plans and organizational procedure (Klijn, Schweckendiek, Klijn Schweckendiek, 2013). It is not possible for all the entrepreneur s to perform all the organizational activities. One of the key skills of the entrepreneur is to develop a proper financial decision making activities in the organization. Finance is the backbone of every organization. The process of developing a proper financial decision making activity is one of the most significant role of the mangers. The entrepreneur needs to apply its proper forecasting skills in order to anticipate the demands and wants of the market in order to conclude the best financial decision making process in the organization. Generally, the roles and the skills of the entrepreneur are divided into three levels. The first line entrepreneur, middle line entrepreneur and the top-level entrepreneur s are the three levels of entrepreneur. Efficiency is the notion of doing things in a right manner and on the other hand the notion of the effectiveness doing the right things (Klijn, Schweckendiek, Klijn Schweckendiek, 2013). One of t he key skills of a successful entrepreneur is to allocate the resources of the organization in a proper manner, which wills ensure in the optimum utilization of resources. Making decisions, allocating resources and direct activities of the individuals in the organizations are the key skills and roles of a successful entrepreneur in the organization (Moorhead Griffin, 2012). According to Mintzbergs theory, in order to become a successful entrepreneur the role of the entrepreneur is classified into three segments. Interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles are the three main roles which majority of the entrepreneur follows in the organizational plans and operations. Further, the notion of the skills is classified into three segments. Technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills are the three highlighted skills of every entrepreneur in the organizational plans and organizational procedures. The notion of the technical skills is the ability to apply specialized knowledge in the organizational plans and activities. The concept of the human skills is to conclude the ability to work among the people in order to motivate the employees both individual and in-group (Mynott, 2012). The notion of the conceptual skills is to analyze the motivational factors of every motivational skill of each employee in the organization. These are the thr ee fundamental skills and roles of every successful entrepreneur s follow in the organizational plans and procedures. Process of implementation Challenges and problems are always there in the organization. It is not possible for the entrepreneur to run a smooth a flow of the work in the organization. In the era of globalization all, the organizational gets the opportunity to diversify the business the business operations beyond the national boundary (Phillips Gully, 2013). There are certain advantages as well as well as certain disadvantages in the process of globalization. The purchasing options of the customers are must diversified as compared with the traditional mode of shopping. In the process of globalization there are different employees joins the organization from different cultural backgrounds. The mode of communication differ one another. If every individual tries to follow their own way of communication in the organization, it will lead to confusion in the organizational operations and procedures. Developing a proper cultural diversity in the organization is one of the most difficult jobs for the entrepreneur to develop a proper cultural diversity in the organizational (Robbins Judge, 2012). It is one of the most difficult and challenging jobs for the entrepreneur to develop a cultural diversity in the organization. It is the primary job of the organization to develop proper socio cultural backgrounds. In order to implement a proper organizational plans and procedure, the primary step which every entrepreneur needs to develop in order to implement all the organizational plans and procedure. The notion of the social responsiveness is another highlighted factor, which the entrepreneur of every organization needs to develop in the organizational plans and procedure (Schermerhorn, 2012). Sometimes it becomes very much difficult for any business firm mainly in the retail sector management to develop a proper responsiveness factor towards the organizational plans and procedure (Klijn, Schweckendiek, Klijn Schweckendiek, 2013). The notion of the social responsiveness will allow the organization to demonstrate the requirements of the society. Every business firms needs to contribute some portion of the profit towards the development process of the background of the society (Trott, 2012). The final factor, which is highlighted towards the formulation of an entrepreneurship proposal and successful development of the plan, is another highlighted factor in the organizational plans and procedure. It is one of the most difficult for the entrepreneur to develop a proper and to market in the right manner (Werhane, 2012). Preparation of a full project plan There are different kinds of risks, which are considered towards the development process of the organizational plans and procedures. Risks are the integrated part of the every entrepreneur ial plans and activities. The objective of this particular assignment is to analyze all the factors towards the development process of the selected product in the organization (Robbins Judge, 2012). There are certain risks, which are included towards the development process of the selected product. The following part of the study will conclude about the different kinds of risk, which are involved in the development process of a proper marketing plans and procedure. Return on investment The concept of return on investment is one of the most important and challenging and important factor towards the development process of a proper marketing plan. Return on investment is a routine measure, which is used to measure the quantity of return on investment relative to the investment cost (Phillips Gully, 2013). The selected product in the study is a smart watch. The concept of smart watch is a new product in the market. There will be certain challenges and barriers, which can be found towards the development process of a proper marketing plans and procedure. Risk Management The concept of risk management is the identification of risk in the organizational plan and organizational operations (Liu, 2012). To expand a proper risk management system in the organization, the primary objective is to expand a proper monitoring system in the organization, which will rectify the errors in the organization. Marketing Plan The primary objective of developing a proper marketing plan is to build a proper communication channel between the buyers and users. In order to do so, adopting different process of advertisement and promotion is the ideal platform in order to develop a proper marketing plans and process. The company needs to adopt two different modes of communication system (Moorhead Griffin, 2012). One is the traditional modes of communication system and the other hand is the modern mode of communication system. Depending upon the objectives of the business, majority of the companies developing innovative products needs to adopt the platform of the modern mode of communication system such as Facebook, twitter and You Tube is the best mode of communication system. The objective of any marketing plan is to ensure that all the details of the product and services must reach to the customers in order to stay updated (Klijn, Schweckendiek, Klijn Schweckendiek, 2013). Operational Issues Operational issues are some issues, which are identified in the daily operations of the business. It operational issues include different kinds of entrepreneur issues such as maintaining the working capital management of the organization which will ensure in the free and smooth of business. The operational issues, which can be identified in the business operations, are the allocation of resources, which the majority of the entrepreneur faces in the daily business operations (Hood, 2013). These are the two identified issues, which can be concluded in the operational management of any company. Reference List Chakrabarti, A. (2013).CIRP design 2012. London: Springer. da Silva Lopes, T., Casson, M. (2012). Brand Protection and the Globalization of British Business.Business History Review,86(02), 287-310. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680512000414 Gaudenzi, B., Borghesi, A. (2012).Risk management. Milan: Springer. George, J., Jones, G. (2012).Understanding and managing organizational behavior. Boston: Prentice Hall. Gupta, D., Massisimo, A., Koontz, C. (2013).Marketing Library and Information Services II. Berlin: De Gruyter. Hoffmann, E. (2012).User integration in sustainable product development. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Pub. Hood, D. (2013).The marketing manifesto. London: Kogan Page. Hopkin, P. (2012).Fundamentals of risk management. London: Kogan Page. Klijn, F., Schweckendiek, T., Klijn, F., Schweckendiek, T. (2013).Comprehensive flood risk management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Liu, J. (2012). Microfinance Risk Management with Work Breakdown Structure.JFRM,01(03), 38-41. https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jfrm.2012.13007 Moorhead, G., Griffin, R. (2012).Managing organizational behavior. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning. Mynott, C. (2012).Lean product development. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. Phillips, J., Gully, S. (2013).Organizational behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Robbins, S., Judge, T. (2012).Essentials of organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Schermerhorn, J. (2012).Organizational behavior.. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Trott, P. (2012).Innovation management and new product development. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Werhane, P. (2012). Globalization and Its Challenges for Business and Business Ethics in the Twenty-first Century.Business And Society Review,117(3), 383-405. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8594.2012.00410.x

Iroquois Kinship free essay sample

This paper is going to introduce the Iroquois kinship. Kinship can best be defined as a system of social relationships, or in simpler terms a system of family. Kinship can be seen in our everyday lives within our own circle of family and friends, and how we classify them in regards to importance and how we treat them based on our classifications of them. Kinship can best be defined as a system of social relationships, or in simpler terms a system of family. Kinship involves how people classify each other, the rules that affect people’s behavior and people’s actual behavior† (Nowak and Laird, 2010). Kinship can be seen in our everyday lives within our circle of family and friends, and how we classify them in regards to importance and how we treat them based on our classifications of them. For example, you may love your best friend and treat them with respect but would you respect your best friend more than you respect your mother? This provides us with an insight o f the kinship systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Iroquois Kinship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Iroquois are a female dominated group. Unlike most societies, the Iroquois trace their ancestry through the women making them a matrilineal society. It is a culture of responsibility and respect, where each person is valued for their contribution to the group. Women are the main producers of food and owners of the land. Men help by clearing and burning forest areas to prepare for farming and hunting small game. The younger adults are expected to do a greater share of the work due to their youth, strength, and stamina† (Laird and Nowak, 2010). The structure of the Iroquois kinship system gives responsibilities of all members regardless of age of their sex. â€Å"The males are responsible for hunting and clearing the land. The younger adults are expected to do a greater share of the work due to their youth, strength, and stamina† (Laird and Nowak, 2010). The Iroquois people are known as the Haudenosaunee or The People of the Longhouse. The Iroquois Indians are a horticultural society located in the Northeast region of North America. Horticultural societies use a atrilineal system of succession because the women have the primary responsibility for provision of food and goods for the family. This includes property, land, hunting and fishing territories, animals, and even knowledge. The likelihood of a society being or remaining a matrilineal society depends upon how much food is obtained from hunting and herding. The more men contribute by gathering food, the greater their importance and roles will become. Because the Iroquois primarily rely on farmed foods for sustenance and trading, the women maintain the power status (Nowak amp; Laird, 2010). The Iroquois live in long houses because they have large extended families. In the Iroquois culture, the woman in a marriage holds most of the power. After a marriage the husband lives with the wife’s community. The longhouses provide separate living quarters for each family to occupy. Divorce exists as part of the Iroquois culture. If the wife no longer desires to be married, she simply places her husband’s belongings in front of the house indicating he has been removed from the family. If there are children involved, the children will remain with the mother. There some similarities between our culture and the Iroquois. The role of the female can be correlated when thinking of providing food for the family. The women gather food at the store as opposed to harvesting in the fields. Men also seem to have a correlation in they work they have responsibility to complete. Many males are involved in hunting for food and preparing an area or situation the female needs to complete a task much as the Iroquois prepare the field for planting. When comparing the Iroquois culture of kinship to personal family situations, many similarities emerged. The family members care for the elderly members in their homes. Several generations live in each of the homes. One family, living in a daughter’s home, includes the oldest grandmother, the grand-daughter and her husband, and two grand-sons. Another family unit, living in the daughter’s home, includes the second eldest woman and her husband, their daughter, a grand-daughter and two great-grandchildren. The daughters care for the older generation as well as helping the younger generation as they grow. The elder members of the family often try to run everyone else’s lives by instructing them on what they should and should not do and when they should do it. The Iroquois culture is one of the rare cultures of the world because it practices matrilineal descent. The Iroquois are matrilineal, the women hold most of the power in their tribes. Women are large contributors to the Iroquois food sources and greatly influence decisions made in the tribe. In a Iroquois marriage is where the woman holds most of her power and the children belong to her clan. If she is not satisfied with her husband, she can simply pack his things for him and send him back to his childhood tribe. The Iroquois used nature and the natural resources around them to meet their needs. The Iroquois is a matrilineal culture. Unlike most societies the Iroquois are a female dominated group and every person in the family has their own responsibilities. Each person is valued for their contribution to the group.

Animal Testing Essays (1822 words) - Animal Welfare, Animal Testing

Animal Testing Essays (1822 words) - Animal Welfare, Animal Testing Animal Testing This theme song to a popular cartoon is a farce dealing with experiments carried out on animals. In the cartoon one mouse is made very smart and wants to take over the world while the other is clearly not as smart. While the cartoon makes jokes, the reality is that mice and other animals re being used for medical tests every day. For some people this testing brings up ethical questions. One of the biggest questions: is it really necessary to take the lives of animals in the name of science and for the betterment of humanity? For animal rights activists, like People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the answer is no. PETA pressures labs into halting experiments because they believe that animals are not to be used by humans for food, clothing, entertainment, or to experiment on (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 1). Its stance is that any testing is painful, inhumane, and unnecessary when alternatives are available. The PETA website says that animals, like humans, have interests that cannot be sacrificed or traded away simply because it might benefit others. (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 2-3). Essentially, PETA is of the opinion that animals and humans should have identical rights. In their press releases PETA puts out pictures of rabbits with open flesh wounds and dogs with rashes on their skinsall in an attempt to disgust people into sympathy for their cause. In actuality the number of lab animals used has been cut in half in the last 25 years (James-Enger 254). Of the animals used, 90 percent are rats and mice (James-Enger 1). Moreover, 11 million animals die each year in animal shelters (Americans for Medical Progress 2) and an astounding 95 percent of the animals that die in America do so from human consumption (James-Enger 254). The reason that animal testing is appropriate is that there are regulations in place to minimize testing and pain, the alternatives are insufficient for now, and most importantly the information o btained from experimentation is irreplaceable. While animal rights groups such as PETA advocate abolishing all animal testing that inflicts pain on animals, proponents of testing cite laws and regulations which minimize pain and discomfort. PETA's position is based on the belief that humans are not superior to animals (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). The vice president of the Humans Society of the United States (HSUS), an animal rights group that is nearly as extreme as PETA, has been quoted as saying the life of an ant and that of my child should be granted equal consideration (Americans for Medical Progress 2). If, as PETA and HSUS say, animal and human life is equal, then putting an animal through any pain is immoral. However, there are laws in place to minimize discomfort and inhumane treatment. The laws limit the amount of distress and pain an animal is subjected to. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the body that governs animal testing, must app rove all tests (United States Department of Agriculture 2). The USDA must also authorize the numbers and types of animals experimented on (United States Department of Agriculture 2). Tests can no longer be performed if conclusive data is already available. In 1991 it was discovered that Procter and Gamble had performed experiments on 300 guinea pigs when the data the tests was to obtain was already available (Animal Testing by the Cosmetic Industry 2). This is just one of the situations that newer animal testing legislation would have prevented or at least deterred. A fifty-point criterion for assessing pain is in place (United States Department of Agriculture 3). These points include everything from vocalization of pain to apparent depression. If there is no clear criteria then it is assumed that procedures that cause pain in humans also cause pain in animals (United States Department of Agriculture 50). When an animal must be restrained it is to be limited to brief periods of arou nd three minutes (United States Department of Agriculture 3). This is similar to the procedure followed when a doctor holds a child to administer a vaccination shot. For all surgeries and painful tests, sedatives and anesthetics must be

Case study on Cafe Co Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

On Cafe Co - Case Study Example The model prescribes that people must not be only seen as factors which would help a company in earning competitive advantage. Rather care must be taken in rendering their own developments by steadily incorporating their views in business decision making. This fact would improve the leadership traits within such individuals and thereby would improve loyalty to the concern (Armstrong, 2008, p.8). In regards to the case study it is observed that the previous human resource policy in the concern focused more on developing the performances and productivity of the employees. However the reviewed human resources policy after the joining of Kim Patel started focusing more on developing communication with the people by widely engaging them into various decision making activities. Thus the human resources policy structure in Cafe Co earned a shift from hard to soft after joining of Kim Patel and thus worked in developing loyalty of the employees. 2. In several organisations nowadays it is found that the line managers are being entrusted with the responsibility of recruiting, developing and training the human resources that would be working under them. This fact has some salient advantages in that it helps the human resource management of the company in delegating the organisational tasks and thus causes effective distribution of labour. The line managers in such action are required to operate in close cooperation with the human resource professionals for helping in accomplishment of business objectives (Armstrong, 2006, p.93-96). In this case it is also found that Kim Patel worked closely in delegating the human resource functions to the line managers. She observed that such practice would help in developing relationships with the line managers in that they would become more responsible and loyal to the company. Thus this process was carried out in a continual fashion in the

The Changing Role of Trade Union Movement in UK over Ten Years Essay

The Changing Role of Trade Union Movement in UK over Ten Years - Essay Example Since their formation, trade unions have largely been concerned with the issues of workers, and the primary aim of these trade unions has been to advocate for better working conditions of workers. UNITE is one of the biggest trade unions of the 21st century and at the moment, the trade union enjoy a huge membership of about 1.5 million individuals. The union was formed after a merger of two big trade unions in UK and Ireland known as T&G and Amicus. Some of the primary objectives leading to the formation of the trade union were to address the issues facing its members in the 21st century in the most appropriate ways. The trade union has come out as the appropriate voice of reason in championing the needs of employees while spreading its services and membership rights to all people with no particular formal organisations. The trade union has continuously advanced for the issues of its members tireless and has tried to remain equal in its advancement initiatives where it prides in seeing the interests of its members addressed more appropriately. UNITE has not just confined itself in UK, but it has been active in global issues and today, the organisation has established global links with other trade unions in other countries and the primary goal of these partnerships is to see that, trade unions in contemporary world confront and address challenges of global world and economy in the most effective and benefiting manner. (UNITE, N.d). Therefore, the subsequent sections will look at the experiences and challenges of UNITE trade union and how the union has been to respond to them and how in the next ten years the trade union will be able to address the varied issues continuing to face the modern world. UNITE Trade Union: Challenges facing the Union When trade unions are formed, the basic objective is to defend and advocate for the rights of workers, and have a long history (Leverhulme Trust, 2002). In other words, the history of trade unions in UK is characterised by increased efforts aimed at bringing the issues of workers to l imelight where employers and government to address. At the moment, many employees in Britain are categorized as paid workers, and a large portion of them are members of trade unions while others remain unorganised in formal trade unions. However, in recent times, evidences are rife concerning the setbacks of trade unions and challenges they continue to face. Moreover, despite these, it has to be known that trade unions in the country remain the largest voluntary body in society, and their influence in improving the working conditions of workers cannot be underestimated. In this way, unions can be said to be particularly important in the welfare of employees in the country, and their role is still significant. UNITE trade union was formed after T& GWU and AMICUS resolved to dissolved their constituency unions and merger for the benefits of their members. As a result, UNITE was formed in 2007 and at the moment, the union is the largest union in the United Kingdom and republic of Irela nd (UNITE, 2008). The union has about 2 million members drawn from diverse sectors and professions. For instance, majority of the union members come from industries such as the; transport, public services, manufacturing, finance,

Breeding of the Giant Panda Bear Research Paper

Breeding of the Giant Panda Bear - Research Paper Example The panda is also called the giant panda to differentiate it from the red panda which is unrelated. This is a bear breed found in south western and central western China. The giant panda can be identified by the sizeable, unique black patches on its face, around the body, and its ears. The giant panda consumes bamboo despite belonging to the carnivorous group. Occasionally, giant pandas living in the forest consume meat in the form of carrion, rodents, or birds, wild tubers, and other grasses. Those that are held in areas for example, zoos, may eat specially cooked food, honey, bananas, eggs, oranges, fish, or yams. In addition, the giant panda’s habitat is located in mountain ranges, in central China. The giant panda has been forced to move out of lowland areas because of deforestation, farming, and other activities in the area (Lumpkin and Seidensticker 16). Currently, it is an endangered species. This paper will look at breeding of the giant panda bear. Giant pandas have a height of approximately two to three feet and may measure four to six feet in length. Male giant pandas are heavier and larger than female giant pandas. They can weigh 250 pounds while female giant pandas weigh below 220 pounds. The World Conservation Union has listed the giant panda as one of the endangered species in its Red List of Threatened Species. There are approximately 1600 giant pandas remaining in their natural habitats (Lumpkin and Seidensticker 25). ... For example, scientists have tried giving male giant pandas Viagra and also displaying videos of them mating. Nonetheless, it is in recent times that investigators have had accomplishments with breeding programs of captive male giants (Schaller 23). Current research shows that the breeding rate is one giant panda reproduced after every two years. Giant pandas attain sexual maturity between four to eight years. In addition, sexual activity in giant pandas may reach 20 years. During sexual activity, the female giant panda position’s itself in a crouching position with its head in a downward location. This allows the male giant panda mount her from the back. The time for copulation is short. It lasts for between thirty seconds and five minutes (Ryder 14). Nonetheless, a male giant panda may mount a female giant panda for a number of occasions to guarantee successful fertilization. If the female giant panda gives birth to twin cubs, only one of the two will continue to exist in th e harsh conditions. The female giant panda will choose the stronger of the two new born cubs, and the frail cub will perish. The female giant panda cannot provide sufficient milk for both the new born cubs. This is because female giant pandas do not amass fat. In contrast, male giant pandas do not assist in raising the cubs. Female giant pandas take almost 95 to 160 days to give birth after mating. The female giant may reproduce two young pandas but only a single one survives. Giant panda young ones may live with their mothers for approximately three years before living on their own. It can be presumed a female giant panda gives birth to a young one once in a year. The mating period lies between the months of March and May. This is a period when the female giant panda undergoes estrus. This

Quantification of Venlafaxine in Tablet Dosage Form

Quantification of Venlafaxine in Tablet Dosage Form New chiral normal phase UFLC method for determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations ABSTRACT Aim: A simple, specific, precise, sensitive and rapid normal phase-UFLC method was developed for determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulation. Methodology: The method was developed on a Lux amylase 2 column (150 x 4.0 mm I.D., particle size 5 ÃŽ ¼); the mobile phase was n-hexane and ethanol (97:3 v/v); in 0.1%diethyamine using UV detector was fixed at 254 nm with a flow rate was 1 mL/min. Results: The retention time (tR) of R- venlafaxine hydrochloride and S- venlafaxine hydrochloride were found to be 4.5 ±0.2 min and 5.3 ±0.3 min, respectively. The linearity over the concentration range of 5-30  µg mL-1 for venlafaxine. The intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation of the assay method were found to be 0.293 to 1.760 and 0.319 to 0.210 respectively, with high accuracy and precision results. The proposed NP-UFLC method is suitable for analysis of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Conclusion: The validated NP-UFLC method was developed for the quantification of venlafaxine in tablet dosage form. Keywords: R-venlafaxine hydrochloride, S-venlafaxine hydrochloride, enantiomers, NP-UFLC, Validation INTRODUCTION Venlafaxine is a second-generation antidepressant drug marketed as a racemic mixture (Figure 1). The R-enantiomer exhibits dual presynaptic inhibition of serotonin and noradrenaline uptake, whereas the S-enantiomer is a serotonine reuptake inhibitor. Thus, the drug is the first and most commonly used serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Its synthesis and that of several analogues were described many years ago. The synthetic routes are similar and vary according to the nature of the aromatic substituents. However, the final products are racemic mixtures, and they were crystallized as hydrochlorides.[1] Although the disposition of venlafaxine in humans was originally found not to be stereoselective.[2] In view of the near expiration date (June 2008) of the first patent for the racemic compound and of these recent clinical findings, venlafaxine appears to be a good candidate for a chiral switch.[3-4] Figure 1: Molecular structure of Venlafaxine The trend toward single enantiomer drugs is clear and the number of racemic drugs that reach the market as new chemical entities is decreasing.[5] The relevance of chirality in antidepressant drugs was highlighted several years ago and many examples are illustrated in a recent very complete review.[6-7] In the previously cited research on the resolution of venlafaxine, the enantiomers were separated by either of two general approaches. The first is the classical method of diastereoisomeric salt formation and fractional crystallization and the second approach uses analytical enantioselective electro driven methods. In the latter cases, either cyclodextrinsin capillary electrophoresis.[8] There is only one literature report where an HPLC baseline separation of the enantiomers of venlafaxine extracted was achieved using a CSP and normalphase mode.[9] From an analytical point of view, enantioselective chromatography offers the advantages of a method that can be developed on a semiprepara tive or preparative scale for the isolation of single enantiomers, which then become available for pharmaceutical testing strategies and requirements for enantioselective.[10] In the present research work, a simple, sensitive and accurate normal phase UFLC method to separate R and S-enantiomer of venlafaxine in bulk drugs and tablets using Lux amylase 2 column column has been reported for first time. The method was also validated to ensure the compliance in accordance with the ICH guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and Reagents: Venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers were a gift sample from R N FINE CHEMICALS BANGALURU, India. The solvents like n-hexane and ethanol diethylamine used was of HPLC grade (Merck, India). Commercially available racemic venlafaxine hydrochloride tablets claimed to contain 25mg of drug were procured from local market. Instrumentation: Quantitative NP-UFLC was performed on gradient high pressure liquid chromatography (Shimadzu) auto sampler consisting of a LC–20HT solvent module, SPD– 10A, and an PDA detector with LC software. The column used was LUX amylase 2 chiral column(150 x 4.0 mm ) particle size 5 ÃŽ ¼. UFLC conditions: The composition of the mobile phase was n-hexane and ethanol in the ratio of 97:03 v/v. They were filtered before use through a 0.2 mm membrane filter, degassed in a bath sonicator for 10 min. The mobile phase was pumped from the solvent reservoir to the column at a flow rate of 1mL/min, which yielded a column backpressure of 96 kg/cm2. The run time was set at 20 min and column temperature was ambient. The volume of injection loop was 20 mL. prior to injection of drug solutions, the column was equilibrated for at least 30 min with the mobile phase flowing through the system. The eluents were monitored at 254 nm and data was acquired, stored and analyzed with the LC 10 software. REAGENTS USED Mobile phase n-hexane and ethanol of HPLC grade was taken as mobile phase in the ratio of 97:3 % (v/v). Preparation of standard stock solution Standard stock solution (100  µg mL-1) of Venlafaxine hydrochloride was prepared by weighing exactly 10 mg of drug dissolved in isopropanol and diluted to 100 mL with same solvent. Preparation of calibration curve Aliquots of Venlafaxine hydrochloride ranging from 0.5-3 mL (each mL contains 100  µg mL-1) were pipetted into as a series of 10mL volumetric flasks. The volume was made up to the mark at with isopropanol. Aliquoets of 10 µL was injected (six time) into HPLC. The elution of the drug measured at 254.0 nm. The amount of venlafaxine hydrochloride present in the sample solution was computed from its calibration curve and it was constructed by plotting peak area of chromatogram against the concentration of Venlafaxine hydrochloride. The blank chromatogram and standard drug chromatogram were shown in figure 2 and 3 respectively. Linearity was 5.0-30  µg mL-1 for Venlafaxine hydrochloride was shown in figure 4. Figure 2: Blank chromatogram Figure 3: Standard Chromatogram of venlafaxine enantiomer Figure 4: Calibration curve of venlafaxine hydrochloride ANALYSIS OF TABLET DOSAGE FORM Five tablets (EFFEROX), each containing 25 mg of venlafaxine hydrochloride were weighed and finely powdered. Powder equivalent to 125 mg of venlafaxine hydrochloride was weighed and transferred to a standard volumetric flask. The contents were mixed thoroughly and filtered through a 0.45 ÃŽ ¼m membrane filter. 10 ÃŽ ¼L of the sample was injected in to UFLC system for the analysis. The peak profile and peak purity of both enantiomers are shown in Fig. 5, 6, 7 and 8. Figure 5: Peak Profile Enantiomer 1 Figure 6: Peak Profile Enantiomer 2 Figure 7: Peak Purity Enantiomer 1 Figure 8: Peak Purity Enantiomer 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Validation of the method The developed method for the assay of venlafaxine has been validated as per the current ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines.[11] Analytical parameters The development of NP-UFLC method for the determination of enantiomers has received a considerable attention in recent past because of its importance in the quality control of drugs and drug products. The assay of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers was resolved with good accuracy. The retention time (tR) of R- venlafaxine hydrochloride and S- venlafaxine hydrochloride were found to be 4.5 ±0.2 min and 5.3 ±0.3 min, respectively. A typical chromatogram of R-Venlafaxine hydrochloride and S- venlafaxine hydrochloride is shown in Figure 3. Tailing factor for both R-venlafaxine hydrochloride and S-venlafaxine hydrochloride was found to be 1.1 and 0.8 respectively. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting the peak areas against the concentration of R-and S-venlafaxine hydrochloride in 5-30  µg mL-1 were shown in the Figure 4. It was found to be linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9971 for R-venlafaxine hydrochloride and 0.9992 for S-venlafaxine hydrochloride, the r epresentative linear regression equation being y = 10507X +2467.1 and y = 10654X +2065.8 for both the enantiomers respectively. The slope, y-intercept, and their standard deviations evaluated are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Regression and sensitivity parameters of enantiomer-1 and enantiomer-2 Accuracy and precision The amount of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in the matrix was calculated using following formula. % Recovery = T-A /SÃâ€"100 T–total amount of drug estimated, A-initial amount of drug in the tablet powder and S- amount of pure drug added. The results revealed (Table 2), high recovery of Venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers, indicating that the proposed method for the determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in the tablet is highly accurate. The intraday and inter day percentage relative standard deviation values were shown in Table 3. These values were within the standard limits. Table 2: Accuracy data of enantiomer-1 and enantiomer-2 Mean value of six determinations Table 3: Precision data of enantiomer-1 and enantiomer-2 Limit of detection and limit of quantification Limit of detection can be calculated using the following equation according to ICH guidelines: LOD = 3.3 x N/S LOQ = 10 x N/S where N is the standard deviation of peak areas of the drug and S is the slope of the corresponding calibration curve. The results are shown in Table 1. Assay of the drug The chiral NP-HPLC method developed in the present investigation was used to quantify venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in tablet dosage forms. The obtained results are given in Tables 4. The average drug content was found to be 10.047 mg for R-venlafaxine hydrochloride and 9.978 mg for S-venlafaxine hydrochloride of the labelled amount in 25mg of racemic venlafaxine hydrochloride, respectively. Table 4: Assay of Venlafaxine Robustness of the method and stability of the solution The robustness of an analytical procedure has been defined by the ICH as a â€Å"measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters. The most important aspect of robustness is to develop methods that develop methods that allow for expected variations in method parameters. According to ICH guidelines, robustness should be considered early in the development stage of a method. The typical variations studied under this parameter are flow rate, wavelength and mobile phase composition. The results are tabulated in Table 5. Table 5: Robustness data of enantiomer-1 and enantiomer-2 CONCLUSION A simple, rapid and normal phase chiral UFLC method has been developed and validated for the enantiomeric separation of venlafaxine in tablet formulation. This method is precise, accurate, robust, and specific. Satisfactory results were obtained from the validation of the method. The short retention time (4.5 min for enantiomer 1 and 5.3 for enantiomer 2) obtained provides rapid determination of venlafaxine, which is significant for its routine analysis in quality control. The method exhibits an excellent performance in terms of sensitivity and robust. The experimental results of the present study showed that the proposed NP-UFLC method is simple, specific, precise, sensitive, rapid and accurate and is useful for separation of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in its pharmaceutical formulation. References Yardley JP, Husbands GE, Stack G, Butch J, Bicksler J, Moyer JA, Muth EA, Andree T, Fletcher H, James MNG, Sielecki AR 2-Phenyl- 2-(1-hydroxycycloalkyl)ethylamine derivatives: synthesis and antidepressant activity. J Med Chem 1990;33:2899–2905. Wang CP, Howell SR, Scatina J, Sisenwine SF, The disposition of venlafaxine enantiomers in dogs, rats and humans receiving venlafaxine. Chirality 1992;4:84–90. Ault A Big pharma is increasingly in getting a piece of the generic pie. The Scientist, 2005;19:36–38. Agranat I, Caner H, Caldwell J Putting chirality to work: the strategy of chiral switches. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002;1:753–768. Arina V, Reeves JT, Senanayake CH, Song JJ, Asymmetric synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Chem Rev 2006;106 : 2734–2793. Ruffolo RR Chirality in ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ²-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists. Tetrahedron 1991;47:9953–9980. Hutt AJ. Drug chirality and its pharmacological consequences. In Smith HJ, editor. Introduction to the principles of drug design and action, 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. Pg no: 117–183. Fanali S, Cotichini V, Porra` R Analysis of venlafaxine by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Capillary Electrophor 1997;4:21–26. Caccamese S, Biance S, Carter GT, Direct high performance liquid chromatography separation and 11 analogues using amylose derivated stationary phase, Chirality 2009; 21: 569-577. Anderson S. Preparative chiral chromatography. A powerful and efficient tool in drug discovery. In: Subramanian G, editor. Chiral separation techniques, 3rd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2007. Pgno: 585–600. 1

Prohibition :: essays research papers

PROHIBITION Paragraph 1: What it is, How it came about. Prohibition is considered as a period of time in the 1920’s when alcohol was controlled by the government. Alcohol, at this time in history, was illegal unless for medical or industrial purposes. This government control came about because of the fact that people were drinking too much and â€Å"destroying the moral fiber of America.† (Martin 76). Protestant congregations and women’s groups also wished to eliminate the consumption of alcohol. Alcohol has been part of American society since the colonist came over on the Mayflower. At that time, alcohol was safer to drink that the contaminated water or unpasteurized milk, and cheaper than tea or coffee imported from India and Spain. As time went on and technology improved, the need for alcohol diminished greatly. Political leaders at this time were seeing alcohol as a public curse. Abraham Lincoln was quoted as saying â€Å"Alcohol . . . used by everybody, repudiated by nobody† (Cashman 68). Paragraph 2: The Enforcement Before the turn of the century, alcohol abuse was getting out of control. Employees were forced to pay the many liquor-related accidents that occurred at work. Saloons, outnumbering schools, libraries, hospitals, theaters, parks or churches (ns.headroyce 1), were everywhere and competing for the drinker’s money. These saloons had prostitutes, permitted gambling, sold alcohol to minors, encouraged violence and public drunkenness, and were believed to corrupt the local government into passing laws in favor of them. 1873, the Anti-Saloon League of America (ASL) formed to inform people about the harms of alcohol abuse. These people would march from church to the saloons with bibles and prayer. An onlooker was noted as saying, â€Å"These people have a noble cause at heart and the means to accomplish was needs to be done† (Martin 97). At the turn of the century, the ASL, along with similar groups, voted members into Congress with overwhelming support. By 1917, over two-third s of the members in Congress were ASL-supported. These members passed laws toward nationwide prohibition. Paragraph 3: The End In 1919, all 48 states ratified the 18 Constitutional Amendment, outlawing alcohol sales unless for medical or industrial use. For a while, this helped. However, a new generation was just coming of age in America. These young people were considered corrupt by the society outside of their own. The people drank, engaged in multiple love affairs, and openly disobeyed the law.

Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms Essay

Problem: When a team of individuals produce a single output the problem arises on how to contribute the reward so that every individual is equally rewarded. This article examines three different mechanisms to deal with this issue: 1.Markets Markets deals with the control problem through precise measurement and reward of individual contributions. 2.Bureaucrats Bureaucrats rely on a mixture of close evaluation with socialized acceptance of common objectives. 3.Clans Clans rely on a relatively complete socialization process which effectively eliminates goal incongruence between individuals. Introduction: Controls (by Tannenbaum)=sum of interpersonal influence relations in an organization Controls (Ezioni)= control is equivalent to power Controls (Weber)= a problem in creating and monitoring rules through a hierarchical authority system Main questions in article: 1) What are the mechanisms through which an organization can be managed so that it moves towards its objectives? 2) How can the design of these mechanisms be improved, what are the limits of each design? An example: The parts supply division Purchasing department: buys 100.000 items (p.a.) from 3.000 suppliers purchased by 22 employees on 3 management levels. † †¢Purchasing officer – send out request to 3 manufacturers and adds information on reliability,†¦ and the order †¢Supervisor – Consults agents if they need help and reminds workers that they are not allowed to accept presents Warehousing operations: 1.400 employees (incl. 150 manager) †¢Pickers and packers (worker) †¢Supervisor (manager) – Formal authority (written rules) – Informal authority (personality) Three mechanisms: 1.Market mechanism –> purchasing function Agents and supervisory employ market mechanism: to minimize cost for the company by picking the best price on the markets. In a market prices convey all of the information necessary for efficient decision-making. Frictionless market: Prices represent exactly the value of good or service. Therefore reward can be contributed in direct proportion to contribution of employee! Agents and supervisory are subject to bureaucratic mechanisms: Their work is controlled by a set of bureaucratic surveillance controls (performance evaluation, hierarchical oder-giving) 2.Bureaucratic mechanism –> warehousing function Warehousing is subject to routines of monitoring and directing. This is done by close personal surveillance and direction of subordinates by superiors, based on a set of rules. Rules vs. price: Rules are arbitrary (beliebige) standards without comparison, based on assigned values of (successful) actions. Prices imply that a comparison has already taken place. Prices are far more efficient means of controlling transactions than are rules. However, the conditions necessary for frictionless prices can rarely be met, and in such conditions the bureaucratic form, despite its inadequacies, is preferred. 3.Informal social / clan mechanism Supervisors can rely on bureaucratic mechanisms but this requires surveillance which is associated with costs. But when the supervisor knows that his workers achieve the â€Å"right† objectives, he can eliminate many of the costly forms of audition and surveillance. Social and informational prerequisites of control The three models can be arranged along two dimensions: 1.Informational requirements =prerequisite to successful operation 2.Social underpinnings = Set of agreements between people, as a bare minimum, is basis for control Type of controlSocial requirementsInformational requirements MarketsNorm of Reciprocity (Wechselwirkung) Prices BureaucracyNorm of Reciprocity Legitimate authorityRules ClanNorm of Reciprocity Legitimate authority Shared values, beliefsTraditions The informational prerequisite of control: While a Clan is the most demanding and the Market the least demanding with respect to social underpinnings, the opposite is true when it comes to information. Within large organizations departments tend to develop own jargon in which complex information is easily transported. Each system carries information on how to behave: †¢Explicit system: accounting system – easily accessible by newcomer (system is created) †¢Implicit system: is far less complete in its ability to convey information. e.g. US Senate – need years to understand flow of information (systems â€Å"grow up†) Companies attempting to control the organization through a price (=market) mechanism use â€Å"transfer prices† to represent prices of internal performances. The advantage should be obtained by using the best prices within the firm. Organizations can also create an explicit set of rules (behavior as well as production and output) that will cover every situation and therefore cut the information problem down by using rules that will cover 90% of all events and depending upon hierarchical authority to settle the remaining 10%. Again legitimate authority is critical to bureaucracy. In a Clan the information is contained in the rituals, stories and ceremonies. So to say the information system does not require a information system, it’s just there. For example Chinese-American Hui: conducts business as venture capital lender but they also enter risky businesses and even the repayments are left open. Entry is only granted by birthright, a practice that guarantees that every member is part in the same social network and therefore behave to the same rules and principles. While the Market and Clan are both specialized approaches it is the Bureaucratic which is the system that is most flexible. Of course, under certain circumstance both the Market and Clan approach will deliver better results but the Bureaucratic can withstand high rates of turnover, a high degree of heterogeneity and it does not have very demanding informational needs. Designing Control Mechanisms: Costs and Benefits Two ways of effective people control: 1. Find people that fit needs exactely 2. find people that don’t fit exactly but use a managerial system to instruct, monitor and evaluate them Best approach depends on costs. Ad 1. is associated with costs and search and acquisitions but their skills will help to reduce costs in the long-run. Ad 2. includes trainings costs and a the costs for the supervisory system but reduces high turnover. Search and select ‘clan-type’ people: Cost of Search and Acquisition: High Wages Benefit: Perform tasks without instruction, work hard Instruct people into the ‘clan’ system: Cost of training: instruct, monitor, and evaluate unskilled workers (who are likely to be indifferent to learn organization skills and values). High rates of turnover. Costs of monitoring: developing rules, supervising. Benefit: heterogeneous system of people that can be controlled. Explicit rules (codified knowledge) offset turnover costs. Loose coupling and The Clan as a Form of Control New view with impact on designing control mechanisms. The ability to measure either output or behavior which is relevant to the desired performance is critical to the â€Å"rational† application of market or bureaucratic forms of control. Knowledge of transformation process: Tin Can plant: If we understand the technology (e.g. production process and what it takes for a successful production) perfectly, we can achieve effective control by setting rules that lead to behavior and processes that lead to our desired transformation steps. Thus, we can create an effective bureaucratic control mechanism. Women’s boutique: On the other hand, if we don’t understand what is needed (e.g. control system for women’s boutique) to be a successful buyer or merchandiser, we can’t create rules. But we can measure output (turnover per buyer, salex volumes,†¦). So we can use the output control mechanism to monitor various indicators and set actions accordingly. Apollo Program: Each step of the transformation (assembling) is crystal clear and we have a output measure (it comes back or not). Thus we have the choice and the lower cost alternative will be preferred: clearly as the cost of failure would be prohibitive (untragbar) and more elaborate behavior control system will be installed. Reseach Lab: We have the ability to define the rules of behavior and we can measure the output which will be some 10 years in the future. Certainly a strong output control system will be used but effectively this cannot guarantee success – so neither behavior nor output measurement will be sufficient, leaving us with no rational form of control. Therefore such organizations rely on ritualized, ceremonial forms of controls. This approach only works with the recruitment of a selected few individuals, with the same schooling and professionalization process. Another organizations using this form: Hospitals, Investement banks, †¦ Whereas output and behavior control can be implemented through a market or bureaucracy, ceremonial forms of control can be implemented through a clan. Closing observations Depending on the organization and its requirements it has to be choosen which control systems works best. E.g.: manufacturing: behavior and output control vs. service org.: cultural or clan controls. Nevertheless every control system is directed at achieving cooperation by: †¢Market mechanism: each person’s contribution is evaluated; combined with a personal loss of reward †¢Clan mechanism: attain cooperation by selecting and sozialising individuals such that their objectives overlap with the organization’s objectives †¢Bureaucratic mechanism: does a little of each, partly evaluates performance and partly engenders feelings of commitment to the idea of legitimate authority in hierarchies Two main questions: 1. Clarity with which the performance can be assessed 2. Degree of goal incongruence (either trust each other or control each other)